وصف الكتاب:
لنَّفْعِيَّة، النَّفَعِيَّة أو مَذْهَب المَنْفَعَة (بالإنجليزية: Utilitarianism) نَظَرِيَّة أَخْلاقِيَّة تَنُص على أنَّ أَفْضَل سُلوك أو تَصَرُّف هو السُلوك الَّذي يُحَقِّق الزِّيادَة القُصْوَى في المَنْفَعَة (بالإنجليزية: Utility). "المَنْفَعَة" تُعَرَّف بِطُرُقٍ مُخْتَلِفَة، عادَةً مِنْ حَيث الرَّفاه لِكَيانات إِحْسَاسِيَّة، مِثل الإنْسان البَشَري و الحَيَوانات الأٌخْرى. الفَيْلَسوف الإنْجِليزي جِيرمي بِنْثام، مُؤسِّس النَّفْعِيَّة، وصَفَ المَنْفَعَة بِخَاصِّيَّة أي شَيْء نَتَجَت عنها فائِدة، مِيزَة، مُتعَة، خَيْر، أو سَعَادة، أو تَحُول دُون وقُوع أَذَى، أَلَم، شَر، تَعَاسَة على مَصْلَحَة طَرَف مُعَيَّن: و لَو أنَّ المَقْصُود بِالطَّرَف المُجْتَمَع بِشَكْل عام، إذاً المَقْصُود سَعَادَة هذا المُجْتَمَع: أو لو أن المَقْصُود بِالطَّرَف فَرْد بِعَيْنِه، إذاً سَعَادَة هذا الفَرْد. تُصَنَّف النَّفْعِيَّة على أنَّها شَكْل مِن أشْكَالِ العَواقِبِية الفِكْرِيَّة، والَّتي بِدَوْرِها تَنُص على أنَّ عاقِبَة أو نَتِيجَة أي تَصَرُّف هو المِعْيار الوَحيد لِتَحْديد الصَّواب و الخَطَأ. بِخِلاف أشْكَال أُخْرى مِن العَوَاقِبِية، مِثْل الأَنَانِيَّة الأَخْلاقِيَّة، النَّفْعِيَّة تَأْخُذ بِعَيْن الاعْتِبَار مَصْلَحَة الجَمِيع بِالتَّسَاوِي. اخْتَلَفَ مُؤَيِّدو النَّفْعِيَّة على عِدَّة نُقاط، مِثل ما إذا كان يَنْبَغي أنْ يَتُم اخْتِيار السُّلُوك على أَسَاس نَتَائِجِه (نَفْعِيَّة فِعْل) أو يَنْبَغِي على الوكَلاءِ إتِّباع مَجْموعَة مِن القَواعِد لِتَحْقيق الزِّيادَة القُصْوَى في المَنْفَعَة (نَفْعِيَّة قاعِدة). و هناك أيْضاً خِلاف آخر حَوْل إذا ما يَجِب أن تَكون الزِّيادة القُصْوى في إِجْمَالي (النَّفْعِيَّة الكُلِّيَّة) أو مُتَوَسِّط (النَّفْعِيَّة المُتَوَسِّطَة) المَنْفَعَة. تُلاحَظ بُذور النَّظَرِيَّة في كِتابات الفَيْلَسُوفَين أَرِيسْتبوس و إبِيقور، اللَّذان نَظَرا على أنَّ السَعَادَة هِي الصَّالِح الوَحِيد، و لكن قَواعِد مَذْهَب المَنْفَعَة بَدَأَت مع كِتَابَات بِنْثَام، لِتَشْمَل كَذَلِك كِتَابَات جون ستيوارت مِيل وهنري سيدجويك وريتشارد ميرفن هير وبيتر سنجر. تَمَّ تَطْبِيق النَّظَرِيَّة على إِقْتِصاد الرَّفَاه الإِجْتِمَاعِي، أَزْمَة الفَقْر في العالم، أخْلاقِيات تَرْبية الحَيَوانات مِن أَجْل الغِذَاء و أَهَمِّيَّة تَجَنُّب مَخَاطِر كارِثيَّة تُهَدِّد وجُود البَشَرِّيَّة.
اشترك الان في النشرة الاٍخبارية و ترقب استقبال افضل عروضنا علي بريدك الاٍلكتروني
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