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لميكروبيولوجي علم يبحث في الكائنات الحية البالغة الصغر والتي لا يمكن رؤيتها بالعين المجردة، وإنما لا بد من تكبيرها مئات المرات بواسطة المجهر، وتدعى هذه الكائنات المتناهية الصغر (( الجراثيم)). وما تجدر الإشارة إليه هو أن الجراثيم ليست جميعها ضارة ومؤذية، بل يعتبر بعضها مفيداً جداً وضرورياً لحياة الإنسان لا يستطيع الاستغناء عنه، وبعضها يعمل على تحويل تركيب التربة فيقدم الغذاء اللازم للنباتات، وبعضها يفيد في الصناعة في عمليات التخمير، واستخراج المضادات الحيوية التي تستعمل في مقاومة الجراثيم الضارة و الممرضة. وعلم الجراثيم ممن العلوم الحديثة ذات الجوانب المتعددة، ففي مجال الطب أدى إلى معرفة مسببات الأمراض الوبائية وكيفية انتشارها في الجسم وطرق تشخيصها والتخلص منها. وقد بدأ علم الجراثيم بالظهور منذ القرن السابع عشر الميلادي على يد العالم أنطون فان لوفنهوك Anton Van Leewenhock الذي اخترع أول مجهر استعمله لفحص الأشياء ولاحظ من خلاله الكائنات الدقيقة. وفي القرن التاسع عشر ( سنة 1857) صاغ العالم الفرنسي لويس باستور Pasteur نظرية التخمر فأوضح كيف تعمل الكائنات الدقيقة على تحويل السكر إلى حامض اللبن وبذلك أكد النظرية الجرثومية للتخمر الكحولي، ومنها افترض أن الكائنات الدقيقة تحدث الأمراض خلال عمليات كيميائية مشابهة. وفي سنة 1912 اقترح العالم الانجليزي جوزيف ليستر.Lister J أن الالتهابات في الجروح المفتوحة تحدث بسبب الجراثيم الموجودة في الهواء. وفي سنة 1919 بين العالم الألماني روبرت كوخ R.Koch العلاقة بين الكائنات الدقيقة (الجراثيم) والأمراض المعدية خلال دراسته لمرض الجمرة الخبيثة Anthsax الذي يصيب الماشية وينتقل إلى الإنسان.
اشترك الان في النشرة الاٍخبارية و ترقب استقبال افضل عروضنا علي بريدك الاٍلكتروني
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