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الإمبراطورية الرومانية؛ النظام الإمبراطوري ومصر الرومانية

الإمبراطورية الرومانية؛ النظام الإمبراطوري ومصر الرومانية

  • سنة النشر: 01 Jan 1970.
  • عدد مرات التحميل: 502882 مرّة / مرات.
  • تم نشره في: الإثنين , 14 ديسمبر 2015م.

وصف الكتاب:

ينقسم تاريخ روما القديم إلى ثلاثة عصور تقليدية: العصر الملكي، ويشمل الفترة الأولى (منذ تأسيس المدينة، ويفترض له عرفاً عام 753ق.م)، حتى عام 509ق.م، حين يبدأ العصر الجمهوري نتيجة لثورة وطنية. وتستمر الجمهورية الرومانية نحواً من خمسة قرون، انتهت بسلسلة من الصراعات الحزبية والحروب الأهلية، حتى وضع أوكتافيوس لها حداً من عام 27ق.م. وذلك باستحداث نظام دستوري وسياسي جديد عرف بالنظام الرئاسي. ورغم أن أوكتافيان حافظ على هيكل النظام الجمهوري في جميع مظاهره من حيث استمرار الانتخابات لجميع مناصب الحكم، وبقاء المجالس التشريعية، إلا أنه اتخذ لنفسه منصباً جديداً خارج ذلك الهيكل الجمهوري، وهو منصب المواطن الأول، أو بعبارة أخرى "رئيس الدولة Princeps Civitatis" وبصفته "رئيساً"، اصطلح على تسمية النظام الجديد الذي أقامه أوكتافيان باسم النظام أو فترة الحكم الرئاسي (Pricipate). وفي واقع الأمر أصبح أوكتافيانوس، أو أغسطس Augustus، كما سيلقب فيما بعد، هو الحاكم الفعلي والمتصرف في جميع شؤون الدولة، فجمع في يديه كل سلطة سياسية وقضائية وعسكرية. ونظراً لأن سلطة القيادة العسكرية المطلقة، أصبحت أخطر صفة ملازمة لشخصية رئيس الدولة الجديد، فقد غلب على المؤرخين أن يطلقوا على العصر الذي بدأه أغسطس اسم الإمبراطورية الرومانية. وتبدأ الإمبراطورية على هذا الأساس مع تأسيس النظام الرئاسي الجديد عام 27ق.م على يدي أغسطس، ويستمر في الضرب حتى سقوط روما سنة 410 ميلادية. ورغم سقوط مدينة روما في القرن الخامس الميلادي أمام غزوات القبائل المتبربرة في الغرب، استمرت الإمبراطورية الرومانية في الشرق في مدينة القسطنطينية. ولكن سلطان القسطنطينية يتقلص عن معظم أملاكها في الشرق مع قيام الدولة العربية الإسلامية في القرن السابع الميلادي. أما القسطنطينية ذاتها وممتلكاتها الأخرى في آسيا الصغرى وشرق أوروبا فتستمر عدة قرون بعد ذلك فيما اصطلح على تسميته بالإمبراطورة البيزنطية، التي تسقط نهائياً في يدي محمد الفاتح سنة 1452 ميلادية. لكن الإمبراطورية الرومانية لم تبق محافظة على النظام الأغسطسي طيلة تاريخها القديم، ولكن طرأت عليها تعديلات جوهرية في النظم والدين عيرت من شخصيتها تغييراً بعيداً. ولذلك اتفق المؤرخون على تقسيم الإمبراطورية الرومانية إلى مرحلتين متميزتين. المرحلة الأولى تشمل القرون الثلاثة الأولى، أي من 27ق.م إلى 284 ميلادية. وهي بداية حكم الإمبراطور دقلديانوس الذي يعتبر مؤسس الفترة الثانية من الإمبراطورية. ولكن هناك من المؤرخين من يؤثر اعتبار عام 324 ميلادية، وهي بداية حكم الإمبراطور قسطنطين الذي أعلن المسيحية ديناً رسمياً للدولة؛ بداية أيضاً للفترة الثانية من الإمبراطورية، على أساس أن أهم ما يفرق بين الفترتين هو اختلاف الدين؛ ففي الفترة الأولى كانت الديانة الوثنية هي السائدة، وفي الفترة الثانية سادت المسيحية. وكما انقسمت الدولة إلى فترتين متميزتين من حيث أوضاعها الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والإدارية والدينية؛ كذلك اختلفت مصادر كل من الفترتين، كما سيتضح من هذه الدراسة التي تمّ تقسيمها إلى موضوعين رئيسيين: الأول يتناول النظام الإمبراطوري كما أقامه أغسطس في روما، وأخضع له الإمبراطورية، والثاني دراسة تطبيقية على إحدى الولايات وهي مصر في العصر الروماني.

site.similarbooks

شاهد المزيد
يوم البسوس
يوم البسوس
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: خليل هنداوي
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 22.00 AED
معالم الأدب العربي في العصر الحديث
معالم الأدب العربي في العصر الحديث
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: عمر فروخ
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 40.37 AED
التاريخ العربي والمؤرخون : دراسة في تطور علم التاريخ ومعرفة رجاله في الإسلام
التاريخ العربي والمؤرخون : دراسة في تطور علم التاريخ ومعرفة رجاله في الإسلام
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: شاكر مصطفى
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 117.44 AED
العرب : تاريخ موجز
العرب : تاريخ موجز
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: فيليب حتي
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 22.02 AED
بيروت في التاريخ والحضارة والعمران
بيروت في التاريخ والحضارة والعمران
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: طه الولي
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 146.80 AED
تاريخ الشعوب الإسلامية
تاريخ الشعوب الإسلامية
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: كارل بروكلمان
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 73.40 AED
جزر الأندلس المنسية : التاريخ الإسلامي لجزر البليار
جزر الأندلس المنسية : التاريخ الإسلامي لجزر البليار
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: عصام سيسالم
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 66.00 AED
عبر التاريخ
عبر التاريخ
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: ول دورانت
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 18.35 AED
كلمة في تعليل التاريخ
كلمة في تعليل التاريخ
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: عمر فروخ
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 9.18 AED
مختصر تاريخ العرب
مختصر تاريخ العرب
  • تدمك:
  • المؤلف: سيد أمير علي
  • الناشر: دار العلم للملايين
  • كل الاقسام: الجغرافيا والتاريخ والتراجم
النسخة الورقية 25.69 AED
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قائمة الكتب

جميع الحقوق محفوظة © 2020

7.4.33PHP Version348msRequest Duration6MBMemory UsageGET b-{book}Route
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    • Application (234ms)
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      1 x Booting (32.24%)
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.books.form:4
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `publishers` where `publishers`.`id` = 793 limit 1
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 1574
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      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 1626
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      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 1626 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
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      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 1629
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 1639 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 1641
        350μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1641
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 1641 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
        300μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 1641
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        480μs/app/Http/View/Composers/LayoutComposer.php:18bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Backtrace
        • 14. /app/Http/View/Composers/LayoutComposer.php:18
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:843
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:681
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php:785
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:629
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        320μs/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. ar
        • 1. general
        Backtrace
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23
        • 19. /app/Content/Models/PagesRepository.php:48
        • 20. /app/Content/ContentProvider.php:45
        • 21. view::guest.layout.footer:1
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
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