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مفهوم الدولة الإسلامية : أزمة الأسس وحتمية الحداثة

مفهوم الدولة الإسلامية : أزمة الأسس وحتمية الحداثة

  • سنة النشر: 01 Jan 1970.
  • عدد مرات التحميل: 502882 مرّة / مرات.
  • تم نشره في: الإثنين , 14 ديسمبر 2015م.

وصف الكتاب:

يعد كتاب "مفهوم الدولة الإسلامية: أزمة الأسس وحتمية الحداثة" (392 صفحة من القطع الكبير) للكاتب امحمد جبرون والصادر حديثًا عن المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، مساهمة قيّمة في النقاش العام الدائر حول فكرة "إسلامية الدولة" والتي حظيت بمكانة متميزة في الفكر السياسي الإسلامي المعاصر، وتأسست الأطروحة التي يحاول هذا الكتاب بناءها على أساس فرضية مفادها أنّ سؤال "الإسلامية" الذي ملأ الدنيا، ليس هو المشكلة الحقيقية، بل هو مجرد مظهر لمشكلة أعقد، وهي مشكلة العطب الإصلاحي - التاريخي الذي حدث قريبًا من عهدنا خلال القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين. ويرى المؤلِّف في كتابه أنّ أصل الخلل في تصور إسلامية الدولة، يكمن في منهج قراءة الإسلاميين للنص الشرعي (القرآن والسنة). وهو منهج يعطي الأولوية للجزئيات على حساب الكليات، وللأحكام بدل الحكم. ويحاول المؤلف تجاوز هذا الخلل عن طريق السعي نحو تحرير النص الشرعي من التاريخ وآثار الثقافة العالقة بالفهم الموروث. ويرى جبرون في الفصل الأول، وهو بعنوان "الإسلام وأصول الحكم"، أن من الممكن - عبر إعمال هذا المنهج في النص الشرعي - استنباط ثلاثة مبادئ كليّة تمثّل أساس وصف الإسلامية. وهذه المبادئ هي: البيعة (التعاقد)، والعدل، والمعروف. ويؤسس الكاتب هنا لمفهوم "المعرف" بأنه: "مصلحة دائمة دينية ودنيوية لا يحدّها الزمان ولا المكان، وهو كذلك علة دائمة وحاضرة حضور الإنسان في الحياة. إنه - أيضًا - وصف لازم للنشاط الإيجابي للإنسان المسلم على الصعيدين الفردي والجماعي. ومن ثم، فاحترام الوقت واستثماره، وتقديس العمل، وأداء الصلاة في وقتها، والإنتاجية في العمل، وأداء الواجب، والاهتمام بالأسرة، ومساعدة الآخرين... إلخ، كلها وجوه للمعروف. وعليه، يكون حكمه كمفهوم كلي ومجرد، بقطع النظر عن تفصيلاته وأمثلته العينية، واجبًا عينيًا وفرضًا أساسًا من فروض الإسلام". وبذا بات مفهوم الدولة الإسلامية مفهومًا جاذبًا للحداثة، بعد أن كان نافيًا لها بإلحاحه على التطابق مع التاريخ. ويرى المؤلف كذلك أنّ الدولة الإسلامية بمختلف مراحلها، كانت محاولةً لتنزيل هذه المبادئ وفق المتاح التاريخي. ولذا فقد خصّص ثلاثة فصول شغلت المساحة الكبرى من الكتاب لعرض أشكال تنزيل مبادئ "الإسلامية"، وأشكال التكيّف مع التاريخ في ثلاث مراحل كبرى من تاريخ الدولة الإسلامية وهي: دولة الراشدين، ودولة العصبية، والطور الانتقالي نحو "الدولة – الأمة" ابتداءً من العصر الحديث. وفي الفصل الثاني الذي عنوانه "دولة الراشدين وأرخنة الأصول"، يرى الكاتب أنّ دولة الخلفاء الراشدين قد نجحت إلى حد ما في تثبيت سلطة الأمة في تعيين الخلفاء، وكذلك في إقرار قدر مهم من العدل، وخصوصًا أنّ الخلفاء امتازوا بالانحياز في قراراتهم الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للفقراء، أمّا فيما يتعلق "بالمعروف" والذي هو كل مصلحة دائمة دينية ودنيوية، فيرى المؤلف أنّ دولة الراشدين قد فشلت في توسيعه وذلك لأسباب تتعلق بحداثة الدولة الإسلامية، وطغيان الهموم العسكرية والأمنية. أمّا الفصل الثالث وعنوانه "دولة العصبية: الإسلام السياسي والتاريخي" فيتطرق الكاتب فيه إلى المخاض التاريخي العسير ما بين العامين 36 و41 هجريًّا والذي أدّى إلى ولادة دولة العصبية، ويمثّل التأسيس الثاني للدولة الإسلامية بعد التأسيس الأول لها في سقيفة بني ساعدة، وفي تلك المرحلة اكتسبت الدولة الإسلامية نظريتها السياسية والتاريخية التي استمرت حتى مشارف العصر الحديث. وقد انتقلت في هذه المرحلة البيعة من كونها حقًا للأمة في عهد الخلفاء الراشدين، إلى حق عصبي تمارسه عصبية الدولة وباقي الأمة تبعٌ لها، من دون أن تفقد البيعة صدقيتها. أمّا بالنسبة إلى العدالة، فقد عرفت ازدهارًا كبيرًا؛ إذ تمكّنت الدولة من شريعة مكتوبة، مثّلت مرجعية موضوعية للأحكام، كما حقّقت الدولة تطورًا كبيرًا في مفهوم العدالة الاجتماعية؛ فلم يكتف العقل السياسي الإسلامي بعدل الشريعة الذي يتحقق من خلال أحكام الفقهاء في النوازل والأقضية المختلفة، بل تجاوزه إلى الاهتمام بأرزاق الفقراء والمساكين والمحاويج، والمنكوبين وحظوظهم... إلخ، وذلك بتكليف الإمام أخلاقيًا وسياسيًا بسد خلتهم وفك كربهم، ولكن فيما يتعلق بالحضور التاريخي لأصل "المعروف" فقد ظلّ محدودًا وخاضعًا للهواجس العسكرية. وفي الفصل الرابع والأخير بعنوان "الدولة الإسلامية: أزمة الأسس وحتمية الحداثة"، يستعرض الكتاب كيف كانت الدولة العصبية في بدايات العصر الحديث تمر بأزمة قادتها نحو الضعف، بسبب المساس بأسسها (البيعة، العدل، المعروف). وقد أدّت هذه الأزمة إلى تبلور أسس الحداثة السياسية وإلى وجود إحساس بالحاجة إلى "الدولة – الأمة". وقد أفصح الفكر الإصلاحي عن هذا ومهّد له ثقافيًا وسياسيًا، غير أنّ بطء تحوّل دولة العصبية والتدخل الاستعماري، حالا دون ولادة دولة "الأمة - الدولة" ولادةً طبيعية؛ الأمر الذي تسبب للدولة الوليدة في مشكلة مع السياق؛ فباتت مؤسسةً وتنظيماتٍ سابقةً لواقعها، وغير مفهومة في نطاقه الاجتماعي والثقافي والاقتصادي، وكذلك سببت لها أزمة شرعية أخلاقية بانقطاعها عن الحركة الإصلاحية التي أخصبت التاريخ والمجتمع وهيئتهما لحمل "الدولة – الأمّة"، واستقبالها. ويختم الكتاب بتعريف الدولة الإسلامية في العصر الحديث، والتي يرى أنها هي دولة الوقت التي تعمُر العالم، وتشبه جيلها من حيث الشكل والمؤسسات والأساليب، وهي تطبيق من التطبيقات التي تسود العالم لـ "الدولة - الأمة"، لكن الفارق بينها وبين النماذج الأخرى هو إيلاؤها الرسالة الأخلاقية والإنسانية للإسلام اهتمامًا، الأمر الذي يضفي عليها معنًى خاصًا؛ إذ تبدو من زاوية هذا الفرق كيانًا أخلاقيًا، خاضعًا لقيم معيارية عليا - إنسانية ومثالية - تمنح الدولة الإسلامية تفوّقها الرمزي على غيرها من تطبيقات "الدولة – الأمّة"، وتنجيها من بعض الآفات البنيوية التي أصابت أبرز تطبيقات "الدولة – الأمّة" في الحقبة المعاصرة.

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      App\Http\Controllers\Guest
      prefix
      where
      as
      books.details
      49 statements were executed, 12 of which were duplicated, 37 unique30.1ms
      • select * from `books` where `id` = '23070' and `hidden_at` is null limit 1
        2.29ms/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ImplicitRouteBinding.php:38bookmart_bookmart
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        Bindings
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        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ImplicitRouteBinding.php:38
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:788
        • 18. middleware::bindings:39
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:171
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:77
      • select `name_ar` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 23070
        560μs/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23bookmart_bookmart
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        • 13. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23
        • 15. /app/Http/Controllers/Guest/Books/DetailsController.php:16
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:219
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:176
      • select * from `books` where exists (select * from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `books`.`id` = `book_category`.`book_id` and `category_id` in (select `id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 23070)) and `hidden_at` is null limit 10
        13.49ms/app/Http/Controllers/Guest/Books/DetailsController.php:21bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23070
        Backtrace
        • 14. /app/Http/Controllers/Guest/Books/DetailsController.php:21
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:219
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:176
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:681
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        390μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.books.details:15
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `publishers` where `publishers`.`id` = 938 limit 1
        350μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 938
        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.books.details:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 23070
        570μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23070
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.books.details:23
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 23070 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
        460μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23070
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.books.form:4
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `publishers` where `publishers`.`id` = 793 limit 1
        370μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:2
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        360μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        330μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        330μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
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        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        280μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        320μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        360μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        310μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 21. view::guest.home.book:2
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        300μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
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        • 0. 793
        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:2
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `authors` where `authors`.`id` = 449 limit 1
        240μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
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