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تقسيم الدوائر الأنتخابية في النظم السياسية المقارنة

تقسيم الدوائر الأنتخابية في النظم السياسية المقارنة

  • سنة النشر: 01 Jan 1970.
  • عدد مرات التحميل: 502882 مرّة / مرات.
  • تم نشره في: الإثنين , 14 ديسمبر 2015م.

وصف الكتاب:

تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية وحدها المراحل التحضيرية الأكثر أهمية للعملية الانتخابية ، وهي تعتبر - وهي بحق - مرحلة مهمة في العملية الانتخابية - مقياسًا لنزاهة وشفافية العملية الانتخابية ، والتي تشكل بحد ذاتها أساسية دعامة لضمان نزاهة العملية الانتخابية وسيرها بسلاسة. إذا كانت صحيحة ، فإنها تشير إلى صحة العملية الانتخابية في جميع المراحل. ولأننا لا نستطيع التحدث عن شيء ما دون معرفة العناصر الأساسية التي يستند إليها وتلك المرتبطة به ، فقد تعرضت في الصف التمهيدي للمبادئ العامة لتقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية وتأثيرها على الانتخابات ، مبينا الدوائر الانتخابية ، وأهميتها كمرحلة مهمة من العملية الانتخابية ، وبين العلاقة T مع تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية بالطريقة المتبعة في الانتخابات ، وجود علاقة مباشرة بين الدوائر الانتخابية وانتخاب النظم ، هناك إدخال نظام للأنظمة الانتخابية ، ولكن مع تقسيم الدولة إلى دوائر انتخابية تتناسب مع النظام الذي تم اختياره ، فإن حجم الدائرة الضيقة والأوسع يختلف باختلاف الانتخابات يتبع نظامًا ، وتناولت الجذور التاريخية لتقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية في فرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ومصر. نتيجة لما نتج عن التلاعب بدوائر التحيز الانتخابي لحقوق العمليات السكانية ذات الوزن النسبي لصوت دار واه من الناخبين ، فقد أقرت الدساتير والقوانين التي تحكم العملية الانتخابية في البلدان المقارنة دراسة ، وهي فرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ، مجموعة من الضمانات القانونية التي ارتكبت الألم أثناء عملية أخذ التقسيم ، والتي تهدف في مجملها إلى تحقيق مبدأ العدالة عند اتخاذ أي E بسبب تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية. لذلك ، تناول الجزء الأول التنظيم القانوني لتقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية من خلال دراسة التطور الدستوري والتشريعي لتقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية في البرلمانات والمجالس الشعبية المحلية في فرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ومصر ، من خلال معرفة كيف تم تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية لمراجعة النصوص الدستورية والتشريعية والنقاش أو النقاش الذي نشأ ومدى التطور الذي حققته. لأن الرقابة القضائية هي واحدة من الضمانات الدستورية والهامة الأساسية لتطبيق الدستور ، فهي تحقق في أحكام الدستور. القوانين غير فعالة ، لأن النصوص لا تساوي قيمة حقوق وضمانات الأفراد ، لأنها لا يرافقه تنظيم رقابة قضائية على عمل الهيئات الحاكمة ، فلا قيمة للحقوق بدون أداة للدفاع عنها أو وسيلة لحمايتها. لقد تناولت في القسم الثاني كيف وسع الجهاز القضائي سيطرته على تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية ، لقد لعب القضاء دورًا فعالًا في وضع المعايير والأسس لتقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية. في فرنسا ، كان من المقرر إنفاق المجلس الدستوري في فرنسا. في مجال السيطرة على القوانين التي تقسم الدوائر الانتخابية ، اعتمد المجلس الدستوري الفرنسي في وضع القواعد التي تضمن مبدأ المساواة بين الدوائر الانتخابية وتحقيق مبدأ التناسب بين مجلس النواب وعدد الناخبون في جميع الدوائر لنا على الأحكام الدستورية والقرارات الصادرة عن اللجنة الدولية لقوانين مؤتمر بانكوك في عام 1965 ، وقد وضع المجلس الدستوري الفرنسي قاعدتين أساسيتين على تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية ، الأول: أن التقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية الخامس ملخص البحث باللغة الإنجليزية مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الأسس الإحصائية الأساسية والثانية: أن تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية يخضع للمراجعة الدورية. في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ، أصدرت المحكمة العليا حكمها التاريخي في قضية بيكر. Carr 369 US 186 التي قررت صراحة أن أنظمة تقسيم الدوائر الانتخابية وتوزيع المقاعد البرلمانية في المجالس التشريعية ليست قضية سياسية ، وأن عملية التوزيع الشرعي للدوائر تقع ضمن اختصاص القضاء ، لأن إصدار هذا الحكم ، تعاملت المحكمة العليا دائمًا مع تحديات التقسيم الانتخابي وأرست عدة مبادئ مبدأ عام هو ضمان أساسي لجميع المواطنين في جميع الدوائر الانتخابية ولكل شخص صوت واحد ”شخص واحد صوت واحد” هذا المبدأ وفقا لأحكام المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة يعني أن كل مواطن لديه صوت واحد Atsaw Z مع نظيره من حيث الوزن فو ر ، مما يعني أن كل ممثل يمثل نفس العدد.

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شاهد المزيد
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النسخة الورقية 36.70 AED
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النسخة الورقية 29.36 AED
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النسخة الورقية 22.02 AED
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النسخة الورقية 23.00 AED
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النسخة الورقية 17.00 AED
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النسخة الورقية 18.00 AED
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النسخة الورقية 48.00 AED
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قائمة الكتب

جميع الحقوق محفوظة © 2020

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        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.books.details:23
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        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.books.form:4
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 2228 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
        270μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2228
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `publishers` where `publishers`.`id` = 793 limit 1
        310μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 793
        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:2
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `authors` where `authors`.`id` = 350 limit 1
        350μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 350
        Backtrace
        • 19. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 21. view::guest.home.book:18
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select `categories`.*, `book_category`.`book_id` as `pivot_book_id`, `book_category`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id` from `categories` inner join `book_category` on `categories`.`id` = `book_category`.`category_id` where `book_category`.`book_id` = 2231
        330μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2231
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:24
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select * from `products` where `products`.`book_id` = 2231 and `products`.`book_id` is not null
        270μs/app/Models/BaseModel.php:17bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2231
        Backtrace
        • 18. /app/Models/BaseModel.php:17
        • 20. view::guest.home.book:28
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 23. /vendor/facade/ignition/src/Views/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:36
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:143
      • select distinct * from `categories`
        380μs/app/Http/View/Composers/LayoutComposer.php:18bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Backtrace
        • 14. /app/Http/View/Composers/LayoutComposer.php:18
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:843
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:681
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php:785
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Container/Container.php:629
      • select * from `cms_contents` where (`locale` = 'ar' and `page` = 'general') limit 1
        500μs/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23bookmart_bookmart
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. ar
        • 1. general
        Backtrace
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/Traits/ForwardsCalls.php:23
        • 19. /app/Content/Models/PagesRepository.php:48
        • 20. /app/Content/ContentProvider.php:45
        • 21. view::guest.layout.footer:1
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
      App\Content\Models\DataBaseModel
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      App\Models\Product
      11
      App\Models\Category
      144
      App\Models\Publisher
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      App\Models\Author
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      App\Models\Book
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